In this episode of Bone Break, we take a comprehensive, case-based approach to rotator cuff tears, one of the most common causes of shoulder pain encountered in clinical practice. Through the presentation of a middle-aged patient with acute-on-chronic shoulder pain, we guide listeners through the evaluation of shoulder pathology, emphasizing how history, physical examination, and imaging findings work together to localize rotator cuff injury.

We review the anatomy and biomechanics of the rotator cuff, correlating specific physical exam maneuvers with individual rotator cuff muscles, and explain how to interpret common imaging findings on X-ray and MRI—including superior humeral head migration, tear size, and fatty atrophy. The episode then transitions into management, outlining conservative treatment strategies, indications for surgical repair, and advanced options for massive or irreparable tears, including tendon transfers, superior capsular reconstruction, and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty.

In this episode of Bone Break, we tackle one of the most classic and high-yield injuries in orthopaedics: Acute Achilles Tendon Ruptures. Using a real-world case, we walk through the typical mechanism of injury, hallmark clinical findings, and key physical exam maneuvers that allow for a confident diagnosis. We review which imaging modalities can be helpful and when, before diving into one of the most debated topics in foot and ankle surgery — operative versus non-operative management.

This episode highlights modern, evidence-based treatment strategies, including early functional rehabilitation protocols, indications for surgery, and commonly used surgical techniques. We also outline the expected rehabilitation timeline, common complications, and exam-relevant pearls that every medical student should know before starting an orthopaedic rotation. Concise, practical, and clinically focused, this episode is designed to help you recognize, manage, and confidently discuss Achilles tendon ruptures on the wards and in the operating room.

In this episode, we cover clavicle fractures, emphasizing the decision-making process behind operative fixation. We start with the essentials of history taking and physical examination, setting the stage for accurate fracture identification. We guide listeners through the nuances of  fracture interpretation on x-ray and characteristics that may indicate the need for surgery. The core of the discussion revolves around operative fixation, detailing the criteria for surgical management and delving into the specific features that typically warrant this approach. We balance the conversation with an analysis of the risks and benefits of surgical intervention, providing a comprehensive overview for making informed decisions in the treatment of clavicle fractures. 

In this episode of Bone Break, we take a structured, case-based approach to acute knee injuries, focusing on the initial assessment and management decisions faced in the emergency and acute care setting. Using the case of a teenage athlete with mechanical knee symptoms following a sports injury, we walk through the critical elements of the acute knee exam, emphasizing what must be ruled out early and which findings warrant urgent imaging or referral.

We review the anatomy and biomechanical role of the meniscus, common mechanisms of meniscal injury, and key physical exam findings that help distinguish pain-limited motion from true mechanical blocks to extension. The episode explores classification of meniscal tears, including bucket-handle and root tears, highlights characteristic MRI findings, and discusses how tear pattern, location, and vascularity influence treatment decisions. Non-operative care, meniscal repair techniques, and indications for partial meniscectomy are covered, with a strong focus on preserving meniscal tissue whenever possible.